Manuel Oliveira Carrageta, Pedro Marques da Silva
7272
18. Lawton MP, Brody EM. Assessment of older people: self-maintaining and instrumental activi-
ties of daily living. Gerontologist. 1969; 9:178-86
19. Katz S, Downs TD, Cash HR, et al. Progress in development of the index of ADL. Geronto-
logist. 1970;10:20-30
20. Rockwood K, Stadnyk K, MacKnight C, et al.. A brief instrument to classify frailty in elderly
people. Lancet. 1999; 353: 205-6
21. Ahmed N, Mandel R, Fain MJ. Frailty: an emerging geriatric syndrome. Am J Med. 2007; 120:
748-53
22. Chen X, Mao G, Leng SX. Frailty syndrome: an overview. Clinical Interventions in Aging.
2014; 9: 433-41
23. Afilalo J, Alexander KP, Mack MJ, et al. Frailty assessment in the cardiovascular care of older
adults. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014; 63: 747-62
24. Chen MA. Frailty and cardiovascular disease: potential role of gait speed in surgical risk
stratification in older adults. J Geriatr Cardiol. 2015; 12: 44-56
25. Singh M, Stewart R, White H. Importance of frailty in patients with cardiovascular disease.
Eur Heart J. 2014; 35: 1726-31
26. Clegg A, Young J, Iliffe S, et al. Frailty in elderly people. Lancet. 2013; 381: 752-62
27. Walston J, McBurnie MA, Newman A, et al. Cardiovascular Health Study.. Frailty and acti-
vation of the inflammation and coagulation systems with and without clinical morbidities:
results from the Cardiovascular Health Study. Arch Intern Med. 2002; 162: 2333-41
28. Montero-Odasso M, Duque G. Vitamin D in the aging musculoskeletal system: an authentic
strength preserving hormone. Mol Aspects Med 2005; 26:203-19
29. Uusi-Rasi K, Patil R, Karinkanta S, et al. Exercise and vitamin D in fall prevention among older
women: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med
.
2015;175:703-11
30. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Dawson-Hughes B, Staehelin HB, et al. Fall prevention with supplemen-
tal and active forms of vitamin D: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2009;
339: b3692.
31. Phillip B Sparling PB, Howard BJ, Dunstan DW et al. Recommendations for physical activity
in older adults. BMJ. 2015; 350:h100. doi: 10.1136/bmj.h100.
32. Wolfe RR, Miller SL, Miller KB. Optimal protein intake in the elderly. Clin Nutr. 2008;27:675-
84